To further clarify this here is a detailed breakdown:
Cell phone usage without WiFi, with or without VoWiFi enabled:
- connections to carrier services have your carrier IP and are associated with your SIM/identity
- connections to websites which load trackers can be correlated to your SIM/identity if your carrier sells this information
Cell phone usage with WiFi or a VPN, without VoWiFi enabled:
- connections to carrier services have your carrier IP and are associated with your SIM/identity
- connections to websites which load trackers can’t be correlated to your SIM/identity since they have no direct access to that traffic
Cell phone usage with WiFi, no VPN, and VoWiFi enabled:
- phone calls would be correlated with your WiFi IP address and is associated with your SIM/identity
- other carrier services connections would have your carrier IP and are associated with your SIM/identity
- connections to websites which load trackers can be correlated to your identity
- connections from others on the shared network can also be potentially linked
Cell phone usage with WiFi, a VPN, and VoWiFi enabled:
- phone calls would be correlated with your WiFi IP address and is associated with your SIM/identity
- other carrier services connections would have your carrier IP and are associated with your SIM/identity
- connections to websites which load trackers can’t be correlated to your SIM/identity since they have no direct access to that traffic
- connections from others on the shared network can also be potentially linked
My recommendation: force LTE only or LTE/5G only, keep VoWiFi disabled, use Tor or a VPN always