Do Linux and Windows have something similar?
Linux can be set up to do as much as Apple’s Lockdown Mode, or more, if you’re willing to configure it.
Apple’s mode may protect you from a lot of attacks aimed at ordinary users, but it can also make Apple’s closed ecosystem feel safer than it is.
You’re still trusting Apple’s software, updates and infrastructure.
Same with Windows and Microsoft. Always do zero trust.
That’s a complicated question. Are you asking if there’s one switch that does it all? If so there’s nothing like that built in. Apple enforces stricter restrictions on what happens in their ecosystem especially with the way that they restrict iOS, MacOS, and iPadOS to devices that they manufacture. Apple is also very good at encouraging use of their software which helps make lockdown mode better. For example they can disable specific features in safari when lockdown mode is enabled because they develop the browser.
Some of the security features in lockdown mode could in theory apply to windows. I believe windows 11 added some additional kernel and memory hardening features you can turn on in windows defender. You can also harden your browser of choice. Linux is much more fragmented and due to that it you can’t really make a blanket statement about security on it. I will however mention that secureblue, a Linux distro focusing on security, says that secureblue is for people who have a priority order of Linux followed by security. The prevailing opinion is normally that if you want security on a desktop use MacOS or QubesOS.
I would also like to mention that hardware memory tagging is not something you’re going to have on windows and desktop Linux for the most part as x86 is yet to actually implement memory tagging despite their working group having a press release discussing it. Apple has added memory tagging to their M and A series chips since the M5 and A19 series respectively. Apple is proud enough of it to write a whole blogpost extolling it so I guess that’s a bonus point for them on security even if it has been bypassed Apple MIE Exploitation Challenge | Calif more info from their presentation at black hat: https://blackhat.com/us-26/briefings/schedule/index.html#apple-macos-kernel-exploitation-with-mie-building-on-the-ashes-of-100-vulnerabilities-55845 (scroll down to see the slides.)
TL;DR: Linux and windows don’t have a button you can click to enable lockdown mode. There are ways to make them more secure though.