Can police access phones like Samsung and Motorola remotely through a backdoor or something? We all know about 0-days hacking phones but what about “legal” backdoors?
There is no evidence of anything like that, so the answer is no.
While @Lukas is right strictly speaking only about the phone’s local software / Android OS, there are plenty of “legal loopholes” into cloud services operated by these companies.
If you have a Samsung Account (or Google) you should be very wary about the data being synced from your device.
For example, in its default configuration the Secure Folder password on a Samsung device can be reset if you authenticate with a linked Samsung Account. Normally the Secure Folder is functionally equivalent to an Android Work Profile and should be secure, but in the default configuration this presents a massive “backdoor” that could conceivably be exploited by Samsung or anyone with access to Samsung Accounts.
Probably.
See in the past OMA-DM/RedBend: https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-14/materials/us-14-Solnik-Cellular-Exploitation-On-A-Global-Scale-The-Rise-And-Fall-Of-The-Control-Protocol.pdf
Even older: Motorola Is Listening - Projects - Beneath the Waves